Intelligence, the ability to reason, learn, and problem solve, is one of the most reliable, heritable traits in behavioural genetics for predicting educational, occupational, and health outcomes. Cognitive ability cannot be observed but is inferred from intelligence tests that yield an intelligence quotient (IQ) score. This complex trait is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, making it difficult to isolate the role of genetics alone. 

However in recent years, studies regarding intelligence genetics have undergone immense advancements. Scientists identify statistical correlations between genes and a person’s IQ, resulting in a polygenic score. These scores are based on probability rather than certainty and indicate the likelihood of possessing a certain trait based on genetic variants. In 2018, genome-wide association studies identified inherited genome sequence differences that account for 20% out of the 50% heritability of intelligence. No trait is 100% heritable and intelligence is influenced by numerous interacting factors, including upbringing, education, and socioeconomic conditions. 

Developments in intelligence genetics have sparked interest from private companies that apply this research in reproductive decision-making. Heliospect Genomics, a US startup company, has worked with over a dozen couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF), screening their embryos to select the ones with the most ‘desirable’ traits. The company markets its services at up to $50,000 for clients testing 100 embryos, allowing parents to choose embryos based on genetic predictions of intelligence. Company managers claimed that selecting the smartest of 10 embryos could lead to an average IQ gain of more than six points, however, experts remain skeptical of these claims. 

Michael Christensen, Heliospect’s Danish CEO also suggested eventually expanding the company’s services to include personality predictions and scoring for ‘dark triad’ traits, referring to Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. 

Such advancements may appear promising yet raise significant medical and moral concerns. Katie Hasson, associate director of the Center for Genetics and Society, in California, said: “One of the biggest problems is that it normalizes this idea of ‘superior’ and ‘inferior’ genetics.” She argues that these technologies risk reinforcing the belief that inequality stems from biology rather than social causes. Additionally, critics highlight IQ tests are limiting and may measure abstract reasoning but disregard creativity, sociability, and emotional regulation. 

The controversy and debate surrounding intelligence genetics is ongoing. While advancements in genetic research provide valuable insights into human cognition, they also raise pressing ethical concerns regarding genetic determinism and the commodification of intelligence. As the field evolves, it remains crucial to ensure that scientific progress is balanced with ethical considerations.